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彩虹多多漏洞2023-01-31 16:05

【网络中国节·诗画节气】小寒:莫怪严凝切,春冬正月交******

   【网络中国节·诗画节气】

小寒:莫怪严凝切,春冬正月交

  作者:侯楠楠

  小寒是二十四节气中倒数第二个节气。《月令七十二候集解》中记载:“十二月节,月初寒尚小,故云。月半则大矣。”也就是说,小寒之“小”的意思是天气寒冷,但还没有冷到极点。小寒三候为“雁北乡,鹊始巢,雉始雊”,因为感受到阳气生发,大雁开始向北迁移,喜鹊开始筑巢,为繁衍做准备(快过年了,但此处没有催婚的意思),“雊”意为野鸡鸣叫,此时,野鸡也感受到阳气萌动开始鸣叫。“禽鸟得气之先”,古人认为禽鸟在感知时节变化方面独具天赋,在二十四节气中,小寒和白露是完全以鸟类作为物候标识的。

(点击图片观看动态海报)

  《敦煌二十四节气》原画出自《不可思议的敦煌·与万物共生长》创作展——最佳创作团队奖「豆荚创意」小朋友们的集体创作。动画制作:满晨

  进入小寒一般就进入了腊月,临近过年,人们开始忙着写春联、剪窗花,采购年画、鞭炮等各类年货,为即将到来的春节作准备。此时,北方地区的河水已经冻得足够结实,人们开始在冰面上嬉戏玩乐,古时称为“冰戏”,《宋史》中就有“故事斋宿,幸后苑,作冰戏”的记载。除此之外,有的地方还有进行“腊祭”的习俗,祭祀祖先和众神,祈求来年农作物丰收。

  “三九补一冬,来年无病痛”,冬季要进补,而小寒时节尤为重要。除了在冬季出场率最高的羊肉,江苏一些地方会在小寒时煮菜饭吃,用“矮脚黄”(小白菜的一个品种)与咸肉片、香肠或是板鸭搭配,加上生姜粒与糯米一起煮,广东地区的糯米饭也与之相似。天津地区则有吃黄芽菜的习俗,黄芽菜即白菜芽,冬至后将白菜割去茎叶,只留菜心,覆盖勿透气,半月后取食,为冬日蔬菜不足的餐桌增添了脆爽之味。

  俗话说,“小寒大寒,冻成一团”,小寒和大寒时期,基本上是一年中最冷的时候。不过,小寒之“小”,真的意味着还不够冷吗?民间常说“冷在三九”,而“三九”基本上处于小寒节气内。我们之前辨析过大暑和小暑哪个节气更热,同样地,根据气象资料可以看到,只有少数年份的大寒气温低于小寒,因此,在寒冷这方面,“小寒胜大寒,常见不稀罕”,小寒是当之无愧的内卷王。

  除了“真冷”以外,我们该如何优雅地表达寒冷?杜甫说“霜严衣带断,指直不得结”,天气太冷,手指冻得僵直,连断了的衣带都不能系上;李白说“素手抽针冷,那堪把剪刀”,做针线时,连抽针都冷,更别说拿剪刀去裁衣服了;孟郊说“百泉冻皆咽,我吟寒更切”,因为天冷,连泉水流动地声音都像是在哽咽,更别说人了;陶渊明说“凄凄岁暮风,翳翳经日雪”,一整天又刮风又下雪,冷不冷就不用说了吧?

  天气虽冷,但古人认为,只有小寒、大寒“冻透了”,来年开春之后才能顺利回暖。民谚说“小寒寒,惊蛰暖。小寒暖,倒春寒。小寒不寒,清明泥潭。小寒大寒大日头,来年开春冻死牛”,就是通过小寒大寒的气温来判断来年的天气,甚至还可以通过小寒大寒时的降水情况观测小暑大暑的旱涝,“小寒大寒不下雪,小暑大暑田开裂”,就是说,小寒大寒如果不下雪,小暑大暑时节就会干旱。小寒时节,北方大部分地区已经没有太多的农活,主要任务是做好畜舍保暖、窖藏、造肥积肥等工作,正如农谚所说“小寒时处二三九,天寒地冻北风吼。窖坑栏舍要防寒,瓜菜薯窖严封口”;另外就是要防止积雪冻雨压断竹林果木,适时果树进行冬剪。

  不过,小寒时节也不尽是萧索之景。南北朝时期《荆楚岁时记》中记载“始梅花,终楝花,凡二十四番花信风”,二十四番花信风,就始于小寒时的梅花。文人墨客都爱赏梅,喜欢其迎寒绽放的特点并将其视为值得赞颂的高洁品格。王安石咏梅,说“遥知不是雪,为有暗香来”;王冕咏梅,说“不要人夸好颜色,只留清气满乾坤”;崔道融咏梅,说“朔风如解意,容易莫摧残”,这是把梅花当主角写的。宋朝诗人杜耒请朋友到家里围炉煮茶,把梅花当作气氛组,说“寻常一样窗前月,才有梅花便不同”,十分风雅;不过,最有名的还是“踏雪寻梅”的男主孟浩然,“园中有早梅,年例犯寒开”,踏雪寻梅是孟浩然的行为艺术,他为了找创作灵感,骑着驴去追寻梅花的踪迹。其实大家想一想这个场景,一个大男人骑着驴去找梅花,似乎并没有那么唯美。但对于诗人来说,灵感乍现的时刻总是可遇不可求,踏雪寻梅的意境自此为人津津乐道,孟浩然也没想到,找灵感的他成了后来很多人的艺术创作灵感。

  “莫怪严凝切,春冬正月交”,梅花的盛开是小寒带来的希望,严冬进入倒计时,时光如梭,春归有期。

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中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******

  中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。

  资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄

  由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。

  麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。

  一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。

  此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。

  作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。

  美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。

  这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。

  从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。

  两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。

  House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy

  (ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".

  The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.

  Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.

  On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.

  On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.

  Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.

  As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.

  But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.

  CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.

  This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.

  Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.

  From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.

  Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.

  The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.

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